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"Fake News," Misinformation & Disinformation

How to identify (and avoid) false information.

What is "Fake News"?

Though the term "fake news" isn’t new, its recent influence on conversations about politics, the economy, society, and public health deserves serious attention.

For the purpose of this guide, "fake news" is defined as “purposefully crafted, sensational, emotionally charged, misleading or totally fabricated information that mimics the form of mainstream news” (Zimdars & McLeod, 2020).

 

Misinformation and Disinformation

Understanding how false information is created and spread -- and why -- is essential. Equally important is knowing how to evaluate online content to determine its truth. This is a crucial life skill.

In a paper published by First Draft News, scholar Claire Wardle identifies three types of information, falling under the umbrella of “information disorder”: 

Venn diagram showing Information Disorder

Disinformation, misinformation, and malinformation by First Draft is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC-BY-4.0).

Misinformation = False content that is unintentionally or unknowingly disseminated.

Disinformation = False content that is intentionally disseminated with intent to harm.

Malinformation = Genuine content that is intentionally disseminated with intent to harm. 

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